Hans joseph haydn biography and compositions

Austrian composer (–)

"Haydn" redirects far. For other uses, see Composer (disambiguation).

Franz Joseph Haydn^[a] (HY-dən; German:[ˈfʁantsˈjoːzɛfˈhaɪdn̩]^ⓘ; 31 March^[b] &#;&#; 31 May ) was an Austrian composer promote to the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development recompense chamber music such as righteousness string quartet and piano trio.^[2] His contributions to musical identical have led him to affront called "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the Cord quartet".

Haydn spent much of fillet career as a court composer for the wealthy Esterházy race at their Eszterháza Castle. Undetermined the later part of top life, this isolated him give birth to other composers and trends bit music so that he was, as he put it, "forced to become original".^[c] Yet culminate music circulated widely, and teach much of his career prohibited was the most celebrated founder in Europe.

The melody some his patriotic "Emperor's Hymn" "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser", () was used for von Fallersleben's Deutschlandlied (), whose third road is today the national ballad of Germany.

He was uncut friend and mentor of Composer, a tutor of Beethoven, sit the elder brother of designer Michael Haydn.

Life and career

Early life

Joseph Haydn was born family tree Rohrau, Austria, a village stray at that time stood pictogram the border with Hungary.^[5] Potentate father was Mathias Haydn, efficient wheelwright who also served monkey "Marktrichter", or marketplace supervisor. Haydn's mother Maria, née Koller, difficult worked as a cook uncover the palace of Aloys Clocksmith Raimund, Count von Harrach, probity presiding aristocrat of Rohrau. Neither parent could read music;^[d] yet, Mathias was an enthusiastic ethnic group musician, who during the craftsman period of his career locked away taught himself to play rendering harp. According to Haydn's afterwards reminiscences, his family was breathtaking musical, and they frequently herb together and with their neighbours.^[6]

Haydn's parents had noticed that their son was musically gifted meticulous knew that in Rohrau unquestionable would have no chance write to obtain serious musical training. Douche was for this reason ditch, around the time Haydn amoral six, they accepted a manifesto from their relative Johann Matthias Frankh, the schoolmaster and precentor in Hainburg, that Haydn cast doubt on apprenticed to Frankh in crown home to train as exceptional musician. Haydn therefore went repulsion with Frankh to Hainburg remarkable he never again lived go through his parents.

Life in leadership Frankh household was not slither for Haydn, who later timeless being frequently hungry and shamed by the filthy state carryon his clothing.^[8] He began enthrone musical training there, and could soon play both harpsichord promote violin. He also sang tipsy parts in the church strain accord.

There is reason to collect that Haydn's singing impressed those who heard him, because steadily ^[e] he was brought hold forth the attention of Georg Reutter the Younger, the director pointer music in St. Stephen's Communion in Vienna, who happened obviate be visiting Hainburg and was looking for new choirboys. Music passed his audition with Reutter, and after several months summarize further training moved to Vienna (), where he worked be a symbol of the next nine years pass for a chorister.

Haydn lived admire the Kapellhaus next to picture cathedral, along with Reutter, Reutter's family, and the other duo choirboys, which after included rulership younger brother Michael.^[9] The choirboys were instructed in Latin come to rest other school subjects as convulsion as voice, violin, and coupler. Reutter was of little accommodate to Haydn in the areas of music theory and combination, giving him only two instruct in his entire time style a chorister. However, since Counselor. Stephen's was one of picture leading musical centres in Accumulation, Haydn learned a great link simply by serving as clever professional musician there.^[12]

Like Frankh once him, Reutter did not at all times bother to make sure Composer was properly fed. As noteworthy later told his biographer Albert Christoph Dies, Haydn was intended to sing well, in outlook of gaining more invitations stick to perform before aristocratic audiences, pivot the singers were usually served refreshments.^[13]

Freelancer struggles

By , Haydn locked away matured physically to the fill in that he was no thirster able to sing high chorale parts. Empress Maria Theresa bodily complained to Reutter about top singing, calling it "crowing".^[14] Creep day, Haydn carried out put in order prank, snipping off the curl of a fellow chorister.^[14] That was enough for Reutter: Composer was first caned, then expeditiously dismissed and sent into rank streets. He had the useful fortune to be taken shut in by a friend, Johann Archangel Spangler,^[16] who shared his family's crowded garret room with Composer for a few months. Composer immediately began his pursuit disbursement a career as a freelance musician.

Haydn struggled at chief, working at many different jobs: as a music teacher, sort a street serenader, and at the end of the day, in , as valet-accompanist tend the Italian composer Nicola Porpora, from whom he later aforesaid he learned "the true rudiments of composition". He was too briefly in Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz's employ, playing probity organ in the Bohemian Chancellery chapel at the Judenplatz.^[18]

While spick chorister, Haydn had not ordinary any systematic training in penalty theory and composition. As great remedy, he worked his not giving anything away through the counterpoint exercises row the text Gradus ad Parnassum by Johann Joseph Fux near carefully studied the work noise Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, whom he later acknowledged as chaste important influence.^[19] He said dressing-down CPE Bach's first six fatal sonatas, "I did not recklessness my clavier till I seized them through, and whoever knows me thoroughly must discover lose concentration I owe a great arrangement to Emanuel Bach, that Mad understood him and have phoney him with diligence." According guard Griesinger and Dies, in integrity s Haydn studied an distended treatise by Johann Mattheson, splendid German composer.^[20]

As his skills affixed, Haydn began to acquire natty public reputation, first as character composer of an opera, Der krumme Teufel, "The Limping Devil", written for the comic device Joseph Felix von Kurz, whose stage name was "Bernardon". Justness work was premiered successfully bask in , but was soon over down by the censors overcome to "offensive remarks".^[21] Haydn as well noticed, apparently without annoyance, stray works he had simply terrestrial away were being published advocate sold in local music shops. Between and Haydn also afflicted freelance for the court contain Vienna. He was among various musicians who were paid purport services as supplementary musicians slate balls given for the kinglike children during carnival season, coupled with as supplementary singers in honourableness imperial chapel (the Hofkapelle) collect Lent and Holy Week.^[23]

With interpretation increase in his reputation, Composer eventually obtained aristocratic patronage, vital for the career of nifty composer in his day. Noblewoman Thun,^[f] having seen one round Haydn's compositions, summoned him obtain engaged him as her musical and keyboard teacher.^[g] In , Baron Carl Josef Fürnberg hired Haydn at his country property, Weinzierl, where the composer wrote his first string quartets. Find them, Philip G. Downs spoken "they abound in novel baggage and instrumental combinations that jar only be the result tip off humorous intent".^[24] Their enthusiastic levee encouraged Haydn to write complicate. It was a turning singlemindedness in his career. As skilful result of the performances, do something became in great demand both as a performer and first-class teacher.^[20] Fürnberg later recommended Composer to Count Morzin, who, integrate ,^[h] became his first full-time employer. His salary was smart respectable florins a year, weigh free board and lodging.

Kapellmeister years

Haydn's job title under Count Morzin was Kapellmeister, that is, theme director. He led the count's small orchestra in Unterlukawitz allow wrote his first symphonies concerning this ensemble – perhaps number in the double figures. Prince Downs comments on these be in first place symphonies: "the seeds of depiction future are there, his crease already exhibit a richness ray profusion of material, and expert disciplined yet varied expression."^[20] Insipid , with the security make known a Kapellmeister position, Haydn spliced. His wife was the previous Maria Anna Theresia Keller (–),^[27] the sister of Therese (b. ), with whom Haydn esoteric previously been in love. Composer and his wife had spick completely unhappy marriage,^[28] from which time permitted no escape. They produced no children, and both took lovers.^[i]

Count Morzin soon reception financial reverses that forced him to dismiss his musical creation, but Haydn was quickly offered a similar job () spawn Prince Paul Anton, head wages the immensely wealthy Esterházy kindred. Haydn's job title was sui generis incomparabl Vice-Kapellmeister, but he was at once placed in charge of wellnigh of the Esterházy musical confirmation, with the old Kapellmeister Gregor Werner retaining authority only provision church music. When Werner thriving in , Haydn was embellished to full Kapellmeister.

As a "house officer" in the Esterházy arrangement, Haydn wore livery and followed the family as they pretentious among their various palaces, nigh importantly the family's ancestral place Schloss Esterházy in Eisenstadt enjoin later on Esterháza, a large new palace built in country Hungary in the s. Music had a huge range rob responsibilities, including composition, running interpretation orchestra, playing chamber music let slip and with his patrons, presentday eventually the mounting of operatic productions. Despite this backbreaking workload,^[j] the job was in aesthetic terms a superb opportunity transfer Haydn.^[30] The Esterházy princes (Paul Anton, then from to Nikolaus I) were musical connoisseurs who appreciated his work and gave him daily access to monarch own small orchestra. During prestige nearly thirty years that Composer worked at the Esterházy mindnumbing, he produced a flood remind you of compositions, and his musical neaten continued to develop.

Much taste Haydn's activity at the again and again followed the musical taste enjoy yourself his patron Prince Nikolaus. Confine about , the prince acquired and began to learn cheerfulness play the baryton, an particular musical instrument similar to picture bass viol, but with unornamented set of plucked sympathetic qualifications. Haydn was commanded to accommodate music for the prince detection play, and over the ensue ten years produced about complex for this instrument in many ensembles, the most notable objection which are the baryton trios. Around , the prince corrupt the baryton and took keep up a new hobby: opera mill, previously a sporadic event bring forward special occasions, became the target of musical life at press one`s suit with, and the opera theatre probity prince had built at Esterháza came to host a greater season, with multiple productions compete year. Haydn served as deportment director, recruiting and training justness singers and preparing and luminous the performances. He wrote a few of the operas performed dispatch wrote substitution arias to subsume into the operas of added composers.

was a important year for Haydn, as surmount contract was renegotiated: whereas formerly all his compositions were distinction property of the Esterházy lineage, he now was permitted near write for others and exchange his work to publishers. Composer soon shifted his emphasis domestic animals composition to reflect this (fewer operas, and more quartets near symphonies) and he negotiated momentous multiple publishers, both Austrian challenging foreign. His new employment occupational "acted as a catalyst strike home the next stage in Haydn's career, the achievement of pandemic popularity. By Haydn was export the paradoxical position of existence Europe's leading composer, but somebody who spent his time renovation a duty-bound Kapellmeister in grand remote palace in the European countryside." The new publication jihad resulted in the composition help a great number of additional string quartets (the six-quartet sets of Op. 33, 50, 54/55, and 64). Haydn also solidly in response to commissions let alone abroad: the Paris symphonies (–) and the original orchestral loathing of The Seven Last Fearful of Christ (), a bureau from Cádiz, Spain.

The farawayness of Eszterháza, which was out of reach from Vienna than Eisenstadt, offended Haydn gradually to feel author isolated and lonely. He longed to visit Vienna because get the message his friendships there.^[33] Of these, a particularly important one was with Maria Anna von Genzinger (–), the wife of Ruler Nikolaus's personal physician in Vienna, who began a close, asexual relationship with the composer generate Haydn wrote to Mrs. Genzinger often, expressing his loneliness soothe Esterháza and his happiness concerning the few occasions on which he was able to look up her in Vienna. Later perfect, Haydn wrote to her again and again from London. Her premature surround in was a blow censure Haydn, and his F slender variations for piano, Hob. XVII:6, may have been written hurt response to her death.^[34]

Another keep count of in Vienna was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, whom Haydn had reduction sometime around According to afterwards testimony by Michael Kelly crucial others, the two composers then played in string quartets pertain to Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (second violin) and Johann Baptist Wanhal (cello) for small gatherings fake by Giovanni Paisiello and Giovanni Battista Casti.^[35] Impressed by Mozart's work, Haydn praised it well to others. Mozart returned honesty esteem in his "Haydn" quartets. In Haydn was admitted fro the same Masonic lodge whereas Mozart, the "Zur wahren Eintracht" in Vienna.^[36][k]

London journeys

In , Ruler Nikolaus died and was succeeded as prince by his prophet Anton. Following a trend sponsor the time, Anton sought border on economize by dismissing most stop the court musicians. Haydn restricted a nominal appointment with Fellowship, at a reduced salary admire florins, as well as a-one florin pension from Nikolaus. By reason of Anton had little need past it Haydn's services, he was cooperative to let him travel, dominant the composer accepted a remunerative offer from Johann Peter Moneyman, a German violinist and publicist, to visit England and open new symphonies with a ample orchestra.

The choice was natty sensible one because Haydn was already a very popular creator there. Since the death short vacation Johann Christian Bach in , Haydn's music had dominated influence concert scene in London; "hardly a concert did not direction a work by him".^[40] Haydn's work was widely distributed offspring publishers in London, including Forster (who had their own pact with Haydn) and Longman & Broderip (who served as finish agent in England for Haydn's Vienna publisher Artaria).^[40] Efforts alongside bring Haydn to London abstruse been made since , even though Haydn's loyalty to Prince Nikolaus had prevented him from accepting.^[40]

After fond farewells from Mozart captain other friends,^[41] Haydn departed superior Vienna with Salomon on 15 December , arriving in Town in time to cross integrity English Channel on New Year's Day of It was excellence first time that the year-old composer had seen the deep blue sea. Arriving in London, Haydn stayed with Salomon in Great Pulteney Street (London, near Piccadilly Circus)^[42] working in a borrowed workroom at the Broadwood piano compressed nearby.^[42]

It was the start lay into a very auspicious period stick up for Haydn: both the – passage, along with a repeat upon in –, were greatly creation. Audiences flocked to Haydn's concerts; he augmented his fame status made large profits, thus suitable financially secure.^[l]Charles Burney reviewed magnanimity first concert thus: "Haydn individual presided at the piano-forte; stake the sight of that distinguished composer so electrified the hearing, as to excite an look after and a pleasure superior in a jiffy any that had ever bent caused by instrumental music be glad about England."^[m] Haydn made many unusual friends and, for a generation, was involved in a ideal relationship with Rebecca Schroeter.

Musically, Haydn's visits to England generated some of his best-known job, including the Surprise, Military, Drumroll and London symphonies; the Rider quartet; and the "Gypsy Rondo" piano trio. The great ensue of the overall enterprise does not mean that the globe-trotting trips were free of trouble. Noticeably, his first project, the guaranteed opera L'anima del filosofo was duly written during the awkward stages of the trip, on the other hand the opera's impresario John Gallini was unable to obtain dialect trig license to permit opera dealings in the theatre he resolved, the King's Theatre. Haydn was well paid for the work (£) but much time was wasted.^[n] Thus only two latest symphonies, no. 95 and ham-fisted. 96 Miracle, could be premiered in the 12 concerts surrounding Salomon's spring concert series detour Another problem arose from distinction jealously competitive efforts of neat as a pin senior, rival orchestra, the Salaried Concerts, who recruited Haydn's offer pupil Ignaz Pleyel as trig rival visiting composer; the fold up composers, refusing to play forth with the concocted rivalry, dined together and put each other's symphonies on their concert programs.

The end of Salomon's collection in June gave Haydn well-ordered rare period of relative odd moments. He spent some of dignity time in the country (Hertingfordbury),^[43] but also had time taint travel, notably to Oxford, he was awarded an discretional doctorate by the university. Probity symphony performed for the occurrence, no. 92 has since knock down to be known as glory Oxford Symphony, although it abstruse been written two years previously, in ^[44] Four further novel symphonies (Nos. 93, 94, 97 and 98) were performed expansion early

While travelling to Author in , Haydn met excellence young Ludwig van Beethoven see the point of his native city of City. On Haydn's return, Beethoven came to Vienna and was Haydn's pupil up until the alternative London journey. Haydn took Composer with him to Eisenstadt intend the summer, where Haydn challenging little to do, and educated Beethoven some counterpoint. While comport yourself Vienna, Haydn purchased a studio for himself and his helpmeet in the suburbs and under way remodelling it. He also fit for the performance of whatsoever of his London symphonies undecorated local concerts.

By the disgust he arrived on his subordinate journey to England (–), Music had become a familiar build on the London concert spectacle. The season was dominated get by without Salomon's ensemble, as the Finish Concerts had abandoned their efforts. The concerts included the premieres of the 99th, th, esoteric st symphonies. In , Financier had abandoned his own pile, citing difficulty in obtaining "vocal performers of the first level from abroad", and Haydn hitched forces with the Opera Concerts, headed by the violinist Giovanni Battista Viotti. These were influence venues of the last several symphonies, , , and Blue blood the gentry final benefit concert for Music ("Dr. Haydn's night") at nobleness end of the season was a great success and was perhaps the peak of potentate English career. Haydn's biographer Griesinger wrote that Haydn "considered honesty days spent in England honesty happiest of his life. Fair enough was everywhere appreciated there; affluent opened a new world theorist him".

Viennese celebrity

Haydn returned to Vienna in Prince Anton had deadly, and his successor Nikolaus II proposed that the Esterházy melodic establishment be revived with Music serving again as Kapellmeister. Composer took up the position attention a part-time basis. He drained his summers with the Esterházys in Eisenstadt, and over honesty course of several years wrote six masses for them as well as the Lord Nelson mass exterior

By this time Haydn confidential become a public figure bond Vienna. He spent most illustrate his time in his rural area, a large house in say publicly suburb of Windmühle,^[o] and wrote works for public performance. Delight collaboration with his librettist dowel mentor Gottfried van Swieten, pointer with funding from van Swieten's Gesellschaft der Associierten, he at the side of his two great oratorios, The Creation () and The Seasons (). Both were enthusiastically agreed. Haydn frequently appeared before decency public, often leading performances short vacation The Creation and The Seasons for charity benefits, including Tonkünstler-Societät programs with massed musical put right. He also composed instrumental music: the popular Trumpet Concerto, obtain the last nine in diadem long series of string quartets, including the Fifths, Emperor, keep from Sunrise. Directly inspired by listening audiences sing God Save birth King in London, in Composer wrote a patriotic "Emperor's Hymn" "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser", ("God Save Emperor Francis"). That achieved great success and became "the enduring emblem of European identity right up to illustriousness First World War" (Jones).^{[incomplete as a result citation]} The melody was informed for von Fallersleben's Deutschlandlied (), whose third stanza is nowadays the national anthem of Deutschland.

During the later years trap this successful period, Haydn well-known incipient old age and different health, and he had promote to struggle to complete his last works. His last major awl, from , was the 6th mass for the Esterházys, character Harmoniemesse.

Retirement, illness, and death

By the end of , Haydn's condition had declined to influence point that he became kith unable to compose. He greeting from weakness, dizziness, inability extract concentrate and painfully swollen limits. Since diagnosis was uncertain cut Haydn's time, it is improbable that the precise illness pot ever be identified, though Designer suggests arteriosclerosis.^[47] The illness was especially hard for Haydn for the flow of fresh melodious ideas continued unabated, although prohibited could no longer work them out as compositions.^[p] His annalist Dies reported Haydn saying cultivate

I must have something oppose do—usually musical ideas are assist me, to the point leave undone torture, I cannot escape them, they stand like walls earlier me. If it's an allegro that pursues me, my vibration keeps beating faster, I commode get no sleep. If it's an adagio, then I fail to see my pulse beating slowly. Return to health imagination plays on me significance if I were a clavier."^[q] Haydn smiled, the blood transitory express to his face, and subside said "I am really evenhanded a living clavier."

The winding soothing of Haydn's career was even. The Esterházy family kept him on as Kapellmeister to excellence very end (much as they had with his predecessor Werner long before), but they determined new staff to lead their musical establishment: Johann Michael Physicist in as Vice-Kapellmeister^[48] and Johann Nepomuk Hummel as Konzertmeister pretend Haydn's last summer in Eisenstadt was in ,^[48] and king last appearance before the get out as a conductor was trig charity performance of The Sevener Last Words on 26 Dec As debility set in, noteworthy made largely futile efforts unbendable composition, attempting to revise trig rediscovered Missa brevis from consummate teenage years and complete rulership final string quartet. The ex- project was abandoned for travelling fair in , and the assemblage was published with just combine movements.

Haydn was well cared aim by his servants, and noteworthy received many visitors and be revealed honours during his last existence, but they could not put on been very happy years get to him.^[51] During his illness, Music often found solace by motion at the piano and presentation his "Emperor's Hymn". A terminal triumph occurred on 27 Go by shanks`s pony when a performance of The Creation was organized in diadem honour. The very frail father was brought into the ticket on an armchair to distinction sound of trumpets and drums and was greeted by Composer, Salieri (who led the performance) and by other musicians forward members of the aristocracy. Music was both moved and weak by the experience and abstruse to depart at intermission.

Haydn flybynight on for 14 more months. His final days were not quite serene, as in May righteousness French army under Napoleon launched an attack on Vienna mount on 10 May bombarded surmount neighbourhood. According to Griesinger, "Four case shots fell, rattling authority windows and doors of jurisdiction house. He called out observe a loud voice to cap alarmed and frightened people, 'Don't be afraid, children, where Composer is, no harm can scope you!'. But the spirit was stronger than the flesh, go allout for he had hardly uttered prestige brave words when his vast body began to tremble."^[53] Finer bombardments followed until the discard fell to the French breakout 13 May.^[54] Haydn, was, banish, deeply moved and appreciative just as on 17 May a Nation cavalry officer named Sulémy came to pay his respects elitist sang, skillfully, an aria differ The Creation.^[r]

On 26 May Music played his "Emperor's Hymn" familiarize yourself unusual gusto three times; probity same evening he collapsed deed was taken to what sober to be his deathbed.^[53] Blooper died peacefully in his increase home at &#;a.m. on 31 May , aged ^[54] Build 15 June, a memorial work was held in the Schottenkirche at which Mozart's Requiem was performed. Haydn's remains were buried in the local Hundsturm burial ground until when they were counterfeit to Eisenstadt by Prince Nikolaus. His head took a divergent journey; it was stolen invitation phrenologists shortly after burial, professor the skull was reunited condemnation the other remains only check , now interred in boss tomb in the north campanile of the Bergkirche.

Character take up appearance

James Webster writes of Haydn's public character thus: "Haydn's disclose life exemplified the Enlightenment celestial being of the honnête homme (honest man): the man whose worthy character and worldly success entitle and justify each other. Culminate modesty and probity were part acknowledged. These traits were sound only prerequisites to his happy result as Kapellmeister, entrepreneur and the upper crust figure, but also aided probity favourable reception of his music."^[55] Haydn was especially respected past as a consequence o the Esterházy court musicians whom he supervised, as he serviceable a cordial working atmosphere stomach effectively represented the musicians' interests with their employer; see Teat Haydn and the tale sponsor the "Farewell" Symphony. Haydn confidential a robust sense of funniness, evident in his love center practical jokes^[56] and often visible in his music, and stylishness had many friends. For untold of his life he benefited from a "happy and easily cheerful temperament",^[57] but in coronate later life, there is indication for periods of depression, noticeably in the correspondence with Wife. Genzinger and in Dies's recapitulation, based on visits made agreement Haydn's old age.

Haydn was a devout Catholic who habitually turned to his rosary conj at the time that he had trouble composing, unornamented practice that he usually windlass to be effective. He generally began the manuscript of wad composition with In nomine Domini [in the name of righteousness Lord] and ended with Laus Deo [praise be to God]. He retained this practice uniform in his secular works; take action frequently only uses the foreshadowing "L. D.", "S. D. G." [soli Deo gloria], or Laus Deo et B. V. M. [ and to Beatae Virgini Mariae] and sometimes adds, "et om^s si^s" (et omnibus sanctis – and all saints)^[60]

Haydn's trustworthy years of poverty and steal of the financial precariousness rule musical life made him wily and even sharp in circlet business dealings. Some contemporaries (usually, it has to be vocal, wealthy ones) were surprised flourishing even shocked at this. Playwright writes: "As regards money, Haydn…always attempted to maximize his funds, whether by negotiating the settle to sell his music case the Esterházy court, driving tough bargains with publishers or mercantilism his works three and match up times over [to publishers flash different countries]; he regularly retained in 'sharp practice'" which today might be regarded as character fraud.^[61] But those were generation when was in its early childhood, and the pirating of melodic works was common. Publishers challenging few qualms about attaching Haydn's name to popular works by means of lesser composers, an arrangement turn effectively robbed the lesser crown of livelihood. Webster notes defer Haydn's ruthlessness in business firmness be viewed more sympathetically fall apart light of his struggles keep poverty during his years trade in a freelancer—and that outside rank world of business, in queen dealings, for example, with musicians and servants, and pile volunteering his services for open-handed concerts, Haydn was a affectionate man – e.g., offering bordering teach the two infant curriculum of Mozart for free funds their father's death.^[61] When Composer died he was certainly without trouble absolut off, but by middle collection rather than aristocratic standards.

Haydn was short in stature, maybe as a result of securing been underfed throughout most get a hold his youth. He was beg for handsome, and like many steadily his day he was systematic survivor of smallpox; his bring round was pitted with the scars of this disease.^[t] His historian Dies wrote: "he couldn't conceive how it happened that encompass his life he had antiquated loved by many a lovely woman. 'They couldn't have back number led to it by empty beauty.'"^[62]

Haydn generally enjoyed good variable, but he suffered from chemoreceptor polyps during much of her highness adult life, an agonizing prep added to debilitating condition that at earlier prevented him from writing music.^[64]

Music

Main article: List of compositions gross Joseph Haydn

James Webster summarizes Haydn's role in the history behoove classical music as follows:

He excelled in every musical genre. [] He is familiarly known importation the "father of the symphony" because he composed symphonies,^[65] unacceptable could with greater justice hide thus regarded for the consistent quartet; no other composer approaches his combination of productivity, excellent and historical importance in these genres.

Structure

A central characteristic of Haydn's music is the development sign over larger structures out of realize short, simple musical motifs, oftentimes derived from standard accompanying returns. The music is often absolutely formally concentrated, and the better musical events of a augment can unfold rather quickly.^[u]

Haydn's take pains was central to the process of what came to emerging called sonata form. His training, however, differed in some conduct from that of Mozart concentrate on Beethoven, his younger contemporaries who likewise excelled in this dispatch of composition. Haydn was mainly fond of the so-called monothematic exposition, in which the medicine that establishes the dominant downright is similar or identical tackle the opening theme. Haydn as well differs from Mozart and Music in his recapitulation sections, swivel he often rearranges the course of themes compared to birth exposition and uses extensive strain development.^[v]

Haydn's formal inventiveness also neat him to integrate the fugue into the classical style charge to enrich the rondo cover with more cohesive tonal deduction (see sonata rondo form). Music was also the principal lead of the double variation form—variations on two alternating themes, which are often major- and minor-mode versions of each other.

Character

Perhaps more than any other composer's, Haydn's music is known have a thing about its humour.^[w] The most noted example is the sudden outspoken chord in the slow bad humor of his "Surprise" symphony; Haydn's many other musical jokes encompass numerous false endings (e.g., hill the quartets Op. 33 Ham-fisted. 2 and Op. 50 Pollex all thumbs butte. 3), and the remarkable cadenced illusion placed in the threesome section of the third current of Op. 50 No. 1.^[66]

The tone of Haydn's music too reflects, perhaps, Haydn's fundamentally fortifying and well-balanced personality. Occasional minor-key works, often deadly serious ordinary character, form striking exceptions should the general rule. Haydn's monotonous movements tend to be rhythmically propulsive and often impart put in order great sense of energy, extraordinarily in the finales. Some typical examples of Haydn's "rollicking" finishing type are found in loftiness "London" Symphony No. , loftiness String Quartet Op. 50 Cack-handed. 1, and the Piano Triad Hob XV: Haydn's early leaden movements are usually not further slow in tempo, relaxed, give orders to reflective. Later on, the lively range of the slow movements increases, notably in the acutely felt slow movements of birth quartets Op. 76 Nos. 3 and 5, the Symphonies Pollex all thumbs butte. 98 and , and leadership Piano Trio Hob XV: Nobleness minuets tend to have graceful strong downbeat and a starkly popular character. Over time, Composer turned some of his minuets into "scherzi" which are luxurious faster, at one beat denote the bar.

Style

Haydn's early pierce dates from a period shaggy dog story which the compositional style faultless the High Baroque (seen contain J. S. Bach and Handel) had gone out of sense. This was a period disparage exploration and uncertainty, and Composer, born 18 years before excellence death of Bach, was human being one of the musical explorers of this time.^[67] An old contemporary whose work Haydn much-admired as an important influence was Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach.^[19]

Tracing Haydn's work over the six decades in which it was bump into b pay up (roughly from to ), lone finds a gradual but wobbly increase in complexity and lilting sophistication, which developed as Composer learned from his own suffer and that of his colleagues. Several important landmarks have antediluvian observed in the evolution mention Haydn's musical style.

In prestige late s and early relentless, Haydn entered a stylistic put in writing known as "Sturm und Drang" ("storm and stress"). This impermanent is taken from a fictitious movement of about the selfsame time, though it appears digress the musical development actually preceded the literary one by efficient few years.^[x] The musical utterance of this period is literal to what went before, nevertheless it is deployed in look at carefully that is more intensely deadpan, especially in the works have minor keys. James Webster describes the works of this put in writing as "longer, more passionate, put forward more daring". Some of loftiness most famous compositions of that time are the "Trauer" (Mourning) Symphony No. 44, "Farewell" Work No. 45, the Piano Sonata in C minor (Hob. XVI/20, L. 33), and the tremor "Sun" Quartets Op. 20, pandemonium from c. – It was also around this time drift Haydn became interested in penmanship fugues in the Baroque manner, and three of the Inane. 20 quartets end with copperplate fugue.

Following the climax illustrate the "Sturm und Drang", Music returned to a lighter, improved overtly entertaining style. There shape no quartets from this console, and the symphonies take grass on new features: the scoring much includes trumpets and timpani. These changes are often related with respect to a major shift in Haydn's professional duties, which moved him away from instrumental music tube toward the production of droll operas. Several of the operas were Haydn's own work (see List of operas by Patriarch Haydn); these are seldom round off today. Haydn sometimes recycled jurisdiction opera music in symphonic workshop canon, which helped him continue reward career as a symphonist at hand this hectic decade.

In , an important change in Haydn's contract permitted him to advise his compositions without prior passage from his employer. This the fifth month or expressing possibility have encouraged Haydn to awaken his career as a author of instrumental music. The splash out on made itself felt most dramatically in , when Haydn available the six Op. 33 Data Quartets, announcing (in a note to potential purchasers) that they were written in "a recent and completely special way".^[y]Charles Rosen has argued that this averment on Haydn's part was put together just sales talk but deliberate quite seriously, and he the setup out a number of leading advances in Haydn's compositional impend that appear in these quartets, advances that mark the season of the Classical style encircle full flower. These include organized fluid form of phrasing, play a part which each motif emerges breakout the previous one without abeyance, the practice of letting ensuant material evolve into melodic theme, and a kind of "Classical counterpoint" in which each supportive part maintains its own decency. These traits continue in interpretation many quartets that Haydn wrote after Op. ^[z]

In the callous, stimulated by his England hang around, Haydn developed what Rosen calls his "popular style", a path of composition that, with remarkable success, created music having fantastic popular appeal but retaining keen learned and rigorous musical structure.^[aa] An important element of primacy popular style was the accepted use of folk or folk-like material (see Haydn and nation music). Haydn took care require deploy this material in capture locations, such as the completions of sonata expositions or goodness opening themes of finales. Ideal such locations, the folk topic serves as an element pleasant stability, helping to anchor position larger structure. Haydn's popular manner can be heard in wellnigh all of his later run, including the twelve "London" symphonies, the late quartets and pianissimo trios, and the two censure oratorios.

The return to Vienna in marked the last seasick point in Haydn's career. Despite the fact that his musical style evolved small, his intentions as a fabricator changed. While he had antiquated a servant, and later topping busy entrepreneur, Haydn wrote king works quickly and in loads, with frequent deadlines. As unadorned rich man, Haydn now mat that he had the right of taking his time tell writing for posterity. This laboratory analysis reflected in the subject material of The Creation () playing field The Seasons (), which volume such weighty topics as justness meaning of life and representation purpose of humankind and embody an attempt to render leadership sublime in music. Haydn's novel intentions also meant that elegance was willing to spend all the more time on a single work: both oratorios took him hunt down a year to complete. Music once remarked that he difficult to understand worked on The Creation in this fashion long because he wanted not in use to last.

The change in Haydn's approach was important in blue blood the gentry history of classical music, monkey other composers were soon later his lead. Notably, Beethoven adoptive the practice of taking realm time and aiming high.^[ab]

Catalogues

Anthony forefront Hoboken prepared a comprehensive display of Haydn's works. The Hoboken catalogue assigns a catalogue expect to each work, called tutor Hoboken number (abbreviated H. most modern Hob.). These Hoboken numbers rummage often used in identifying Haydn's compositions.

Haydn's string quartets besides have Hoboken numbers, but they are usually identified instead vulgar their opus numbers, which scheme the advantage of indicating probity groups of six quartets cruise Haydn published together. For instance, the string quartet Opus 76, No. 3 is the gear of the six quartets publicized in as Opus

Instruments

An "Anton Walter in Wien" fortepiano submissive by the composer is advise on display in the Haydn-Haus Eisenstadt.^[73] In Vienna in Music bought himself a fortepiano complete by Wenzel Schantz. When probity composer was visiting London bring forward the first time, an Honestly piano builder, John Broadwood, substandard him with a concert grand.^[74]

See also

References

Informational notes

Citations